Focus: Structure — Present & Past

Instructions

Match each sentence to the correct position in the matrix. Focus on time, aspect and form.

  1. Click a sentence in the word bank.
  2. Click the correct box in the matrix.
  3. Click a filled box to remove your answer.
  4. Check your answers.
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
Present
affirmative
negative
?
question
affirmative
negative
?
question
affirmative
negative
?
question
Past
affirmative
negative
?
question
affirmative
negative
?
question
affirmative
negative
?
question
Word Bank

Notice the Structure

Simple

one main verb
Present: do / does + base
Past: did + base

Continuous

Present: am/is/are + -ing
Past: was/were + -ing

Perfect

Present: have/has + past participle
Past: had + past participle

Build Your Own System

Choose a subject and a verb. Then complete your own grammar matrix.

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
Present
Past
Technique 1

Recording collocations

A collocation is a verb + noun (or adjective + noun) combination that native speakers use naturally. The verbs in Unit 1 — build, create, manage, project… — only make sense when you see which nouns they attach to, and how those nouns connect to each other.

✗ Less useful — alphabetical verb list
build come across create form have manage project take a dislike come make gain

You've recorded the verbs — but which noun does each one go with? And what's the connection between them? A list like this is easy to write and hard to use.

✓ More useful — collocation network
shapes builds grows into create one verb, two nouns build one verb, two nouns image corporate project an image manage an image impression first / good create an impression form an impression gain an impression reputation online / good build a reputation have a reputation relationship close / good build a relationship start a relationship Write the key word in the circle. Add the collocations you want to remember around it. If the same verb works with more than one word, draw a dotted line to connect them.

You can add as many branches as you need — and keep adding to the diagram as you work through the unit.


Technique 2

Recording synonyms and similar-meaning words

When you meet adjectives that mean something similar — like reliable and trustworthy — writing them in a flat list loses the key information: which words pair up, and what that pairing tells you about register or context.

✗ Less useful — unordered word list
arrogant
cautious
complex
expensive
favourable
functional
ineffective
modest
ostentatious
suspicious
trustworthy
wary

Twelve words recorded, but none of the meaning is captured. Which ones are positive? Which pair with which? You'd have to re-check the textbook every time.

✓ More useful — synonym pairs with connotation
Everyday
More formal / stronger
reliable
=
trustworthy
showy
=
ostentatious
positive
=
favourable
costly
=
expensive
suspicious
=
wary
simple
=
modest
complicated
=
complex
over-confident
=
arrogant

The pairing is the knowledge. The column labels add a bonus insight — the right-hand words tend to appear in more formal written English.


Technique 3

Recording functional phrases

The key expressions for arranging a meeting aren't just phrases to memorise — they belong to specific moments in a conversation. Recording them in the order they appear tells you not just what to say, but when.

✗ Less useful — phrases by category
Making a follow-up call
I'm calling about the email I sent you…
I wondered if you'd had time to…
Arranging to meet
I suggest we meet to discuss things further.
When would you like to meet?
Fine, whatever's best for you.
Let's say, provisionally, Tuesday the 13th.
Discussing travel
Is it best by taxi or public transport?
Let me know where you're staying…

The categories are helpful, but there's no sense of sequence. When exactly do you use each phrase? What comes before and after?

✓ More useful — conversation timeline
"I'm calling about the email I sent you…"
1
Open
call
2
State
purpose
"I wondered if you'd had time to look through the portfolio I sent."
"I suggest we meet to discuss things further."
3
Suggest
meeting
4
Negotiate
time
"When would you like to meet?" / "Fine, whatever's best for you."
"Let's say, provisionally, Tuesday the 13th at eleven o'clock."
5
Confirm
date
6
Travel
details
"Is it best by taxi or public transport?" / "Let me know where you're staying…"
"See you in a couple of weeks."
7
Close
call

Now you can see the whole conversation at a glance — and you'll know exactly when each phrase belongs.


💡
The principle behind all three techniques
A good vocabulary note captures relationships, not just words. Collocations need their nouns. Synonyms need their pair. Phrases need their moment in a conversation. The more structure your notes show, the less you have to re-learn later.