Tenses

Simple and continuous tenses · Perfect tenses · Present perfect continuous and past perfect continuous

Section 1 — Context Listening
1.1 You are going to hear part of a radio phone-in programme. Before you listen, look at the photos. What do you think the topic of the phone-in is?
🎧 Recording 02
Recording 02 — Transcript

Presenter: And our next caller is Karen. Karen, what's your experience of public transport?

Karen: Yes, hello, Gary. Well, I commuted to London for over ten years. I caught the train every morning at 7.15 to get to work for nine o'clock, and I wouldn't get home until about seven o'clock in the evening. And frankly it was a terrible period of my life, really stressful, mainly because of the unreliability of the train service. I was forever arriving late for work. One day I was travelling home when the train broke down and I eventually got back at midnight. Of course, I had to go to work the next day, so off I went for my 7.15 train. I'd been waiting over an hour when they announced that the train was cancelled. That really was the end for me. I arranged with my employer to work at home and I've been working at home happily for the last five years. Of course it meant a big salary cut, but I haven't regretted it for a moment.

Presenter: Thanks for that, Karen. Can you just stay on the line? I'm hoping we've got Liam on the line. Liam, are you there?

Liam: Yes, I'm here, Gary.

Presenter: Great. And what point do you want to make?

Liam: Well, I just wanted to say that my experience is similar to your last caller, although I'm a newcomer to commuting by public transport. I've just sold my car and now I go to work by bus. I'd owned a car ever since I left college, but I wanted to do my bit to cut down on pollution. But I have to confess that I'm regretting it already. I've arrived late for work twice this week because the bus hasn't turned up on time. It's got so bad that I'm now thinking of buying a motorbike. It'll cause less pollution than a car, and be more reliable than public transport.

Presenter: Well, it sounds like you're another dissatisfied customer, Liam. But we've also got Sahar on the line, and I think she's more positive. Sahar, are you there?

Sahar: I am, Gary, good afternoon.

Presenter: Hello, Sahar, what do you want to tell us?

Sahar: Well, I'd like to put in a good word for train travel. I'm working at home while our office block is being renovated, and while I'm appreciating being able to get up later than usual, I really miss my daily commute. You get to know the people you travel with every day. I remember one day I dropped my purse while I was getting off the train. Another passenger picked it up, found my address in it, and brought it round to my house later that evening. Another time, I'd been working really hard and went to sleep and missed my station. One of the other passengers was getting off at the next station and she had her car parked there. She woke me up and offered me a lift back to my home. I'd spoken to her only a couple of times before then, but now she's a really good friend.

Presenter: Thanks, Sahar. That's a side of commuting we don't often hear about. Now, somebody else who sees the good side of train journeys – Luka. Are you there, Luka?

Luka: Yes, indeed. Actually, I'm phoning from the train on my way home from work.

Presenter: And are you having a good journey?

Luka: Yes, it's been fine. But then I love trains. I've enjoyed travelling by train ever since I was young. I admit that it can be frustrating at times. There are delays and cancellations, and there are minor irritations like poor mobile phone reception – I've been trying to phone in to your programme for the last half hour, in fact – but I catch the 7.05 at the station near my home every morning, and still find there's something quite magical about stepping on to the train. And there are clear advantages over driving, apart from the lack of stress. I reckon that over the years I've saved a huge amount of money by using public transport. I've never really considered buying a car. You can also get a lot of work done. On the train yesterday morning, for example, I'd read a couple of reports and prepared for an important meeting before I even got to work.

Karen: Gary …

Presenter: Karen, were you wanting to say something?

Karen: Yes, I just wanted to pick up Luka's point that travelling by train is less stressful than driving. Public transport can be stressful, too, when trains don't turn up or are delayed. What's less stressful is working at home. At eight o'clock I'm usually having a leisurely breakfast when most people are in their cars or on the train. Yesterday, I'd finished all my work by 2.30, so I drove to the local pool for a swim and today I've been working hard all day, so now I've got time to relax by listening to the radio for a while. Much better than the stress of commuting.

Presenter: You're very lucky, Karen. We've got another caller on the line …

1.2 Listen and check whether you were right. As you listen, answer the questions.

Which of the callers, Karen, Liam, Sahar or Luka …

1.3 Listen again and fill in the gaps.
1 I to London for over ten years.
2 I over an hour when they announced that the train was cancelled.'d been waiting
3 I of buying a motorbike.'m now thinking
4 I at home while our office block is being renovated.'m working
5 I to her only a couple of times before then.'d spoken
6 I travelling by train ever since I was young.'ve enjoyed
7 I to phone in to your programme for the last half hour.'ve been trying
8 Yesterday, I all my work by 2.30 pm.'d finished
1.4 Identify the tenses you used in 1.3.
Section 2 — Grammar
2.1Simple and continuous tenses
Start Point

Present continuous
I'm working at home while our office block is being renovated. (= temporary state)
I'm phoning from the train. (= action in progress)

Present simple
Public transport has a number of advantages over driving. (= permanent state)
I catch the train at 7.05 at the station near my home every morning. (= habit or regular event)

Past continuous
I was travelling home when the train broke down. (= action in progress at past point)

Past simple
I sold my car last week. (= completed past action)
I drove to work for a couple of years. (= past situation that doesn't exist now)
I caught the train every morning at 7.15. (= repeated past action)

Use simple for states, habits and completed actions. Use continuous for temporary situations or actions in progress. Some verbs can be used in continuous form to suggest a situation is temporary or untypical: I'm appreciating being able to get up later (= temporary arrangement).
I'm appreciating being able to get up later than usual.
Now that I work at home I appreciate being able to get up late.
I catch the 7.05 at the station near my home every morning.
I dropped my purse while I was getting off the train.

2.2Perfect tenses
Start Point

Present perfect
I've lived in Spain, and the trains are so much more reliable there. (= past situation relevant to the present)
I've just sold my car and so now I go to work by bus. (= recent action with consequences for the present)
I've enjoyed travelling by train ever since I was young. (= situation continuing until the present)

Past perfect
This morning I'd read a couple of reports before I got off the train. (= past event before another past event)

Use present perfect when the past connects to now. Use past perfect for an event before another past event.
I haven't regretted it for a moment.
I 've just sold my car and now I go to work by bus.
Yesterday I 'd finished all my work by 2.30.

2.3Present perfect continuous and past perfect continuous
Use present perfect continuous for an action in progress from past until now: I've been working at home for five years. Use it to emphasise duration. The past perfect continuous describes an action in progress up to a past point: I'd been waiting over an hour when they announced the cancellation.
I 've been trying to phone in for the last half hour.
I 've arrived late for work twice this week.
I 'd been waiting over an hour when they announced that the train was cancelled.
Section 3 — Grammar Exercises
3.1 Choose the correct or more natural answer in this radio news report.
Emergency services were bombarded with phone calls from all over the north of the country last night by people who (1) seeing blue objects shoot across the sky. Mrs Sophia Olsen (2) along the main road at the time.

'I (3) along that bit of road at about ten. As I (4) past the old barn, I (5) a single bright blue light going across the road in front of my car. I (6) the car and (7) it for about fifteen minutes. It (8) quite slowly from east to west and then it (9) . Until now I (10) in UFOs, although my son (11) to persuade me that they (12) . But now I (13) that maybe he (14) right.'

Dr Maria Walker, a lecturer in astronomy at Trumpton University, (15) a simple explanation. 'The reports that (16) in last night (17) that it (18) a meteor shower. This (19) not unusual on a small scale, but last night's shower (20) to have been very large. In fact, we (21) an increasing number of meteor showers, and my department (22) possible reasons for this.'

But many witnesses to the events (23) that they (24) more than a meteor shower, and that last night the Earth was actually visited by beings from outer space.
3.2 Complete the sentences using the verbs in the box. Use the same verb in each pair of sentences. Use the present simple, present continuous, past simple or past continuous.
attractexpectimaginemeasureseethink
1
a I about taking a gap year before I go to university and going travelling around South America.
b A: Why's Yusuf having a party? B: I it's his birthday.
2
a A: How did the cat get up into the tree? B: I he was chasing a bird.imagine
b A: Let me know when the post arrives. B: Why, you something important?are you expecting … something important
3
a A: What happened to your wrist? B: I the window for some new curtains and I fell off the ladder.was measuring
b I was given this pedometer for my birthday. You just hook it on your belt and it how far you walk during the day.measures
4
a This month's special exhibition of South African art over 5,000 visitors a day to the museum, whereas we normally only get about 2,000.is attracting
b As the home of William Shakespeare, Stratford tourists from all over the world.attracts
5
a you that big house over there? It's my uncle's.Can you see
b I split up with Alex when I found out that he someone else.was seeing
6
a I Giulia's under a lot of stress at the moment with moving house and starting a new job.imagine
b The baby's smiling in her sleep. I wonder what things she in her dreams.is imagining
3.3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of the verb given. Use the past simple, present perfect, past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses. Use each tense only once in each group of four sentences.
play
a We 35 matches so far this season, so we're all feeling pretty tired.
b After the match, she admitted that she badly.had played
c you at the school you went to?Did you play … rugby or football
d Ireland really well all year, so it came as a big surprise when they were beaten by Wales last December.had been playing
make
a We the right decision in emigrating to Canada in the mid-1990s.made
b Henson never thought about retirement. In fact, he a documentary film about the indigenous people of Chile when he died.had made / was making
c A: When did you realise that you a mistake in joining the army? B: When I was posted to a boiling hot jungle.had made
d Korean scientists believe that they a breakthrough in the fight against cancer by developing a technique for containing the disease. They reported their findings at the AAL conference in New York this week.have made
run
a Over the last year I workshops on creative writing in twelve colleges and universities.have run
b She was breathing hard as if she .had been running
c She only two marathons before breaking the world record in the Pan-African Games.ran
d I was late for work so I most of the way.ran
3.4 Complete the sentences using either the present perfect or present perfect continuous form of the verb given. Where both are possible, choose the more likely tense.
1 Alice (compete) in the Athens Marathon twice before, but hopes to achieve her best time this year.
2 Income from manufacturing exports still provides the largest proportion of the country's export earnings, but the proportion (drop) for many years.has been dropping / has dropped
3 The house (belong) to the Beecham family for over 250 years, but the present owner, Donald Beecham, is selling it.has belonged
4 Melnik (serve) a life sentence for murder since 1990, but his lawyers are arguing for an early release.has been serving / has served
5 A: I'd like a career where I can travel and meet people. B: (consider) becoming a tour guide?Have you considered / Have you been considering
6 A: (swim)? You look really exhausted. B: I am. I did 50 lengths of the pool.Have you been swimming
7 A: Did you manage to get in touch with Chloe? B: No, I (try) three times in the last hour, but she's always engaged.have been trying
3.5 Choose the correct tense.
A: Good morning, Mr Nilsson. What can I do for you?
B: Well, doctor, (1) some really bad headaches.
A: Okay. Can you tell me exactly when these headaches (2) ?
B: Oh, yes, I (3) it vividly – it was on a Friday three weeks ago. I (4) in front of my computer all week because I (5) a job for an important client – (6) as a website designer for the last few years, you see. I (7) when the pain started, and by the end of that day I (8) really bad.
A: Okay. And how (9) ?
B: Not very well, actually. Usually I'm asleep as soon as my head (10) the pillow, but recently (11) difficulty getting to sleep.
A: I see. Now, (12) that you wear glasses. (13) your eyes tested recently?
B: No, I (14) them tested for a couple of years, I suppose.
A: Okay, what (15) is that first you get your eyes tested. Then when you (16) at your computer, take frequent breaks to rest your eyes. If that (17) the problem, come back and see me again.