Relative Clauses (2)

Participle clauses · To-infinitive clauses · Adjective phrases · Prepositional phrases

Section 1 — Context Listening
1.1 You are going to hear an interview with a food photographer. Which of these items do you think she uses in her work and what for?

Items shown: studio lights · glycerine spray · matches · cotton wool · shoe polish · a camera · a hammer

1.2 Listen and check whether you were right.
🎧 Recording 15
Recording 15 — Transcript

Interviewer: Photographs of food are all around us, in advertisements, magazines and cookbooks. Today's guest is Helena Palmer, who has made a highly successful career out of food photography. Welcome, Helena.

Helena: Thank you.

Interviewer: So how did you become involved in food photography – was your first interest the food or the photography?

Helena: Oh, definitely photography first. When I was quite young – 10 or 11 – I started using an old camera belonging to my father. I became fascinated with taking shots of people, my friends and my family in particular.

Interviewer: And were you also interested in the way food was presented – in restaurants, for example?

Helena: My parents – not having much money – rarely took us to restaurants. But my mother was an excellent cook. I used to take shots of her in the kitchen, and also some of the special things that she'd prepare – birthday cakes, and things like that.

Interviewer: And you left school quite young.

Helena: Yes, I wasn't very gifted academically, so at 16 I left school and went to help out at a local photographic studio. It was easy to find a photographer wanting to take on an assistant for no pay! For a couple of years I lived at home with my parents, who supported me financially. And I was very lucky that the photographer who took me on taught me a lot. She was really the first person to encourage me to take up food photography. She always let me help out with 'food shoots' – wedding cakes, publicity photos for local restaurants, and so on. Then, when I was 18, there was a major photography competition being held in London and one of the categories was 'Celebrations'. So I entered a portfolio of photographs – just for the experience, I thought.

Interviewer: And you won.

Helena: That's right. At that time, I was the youngest person in the competition to win any of the major categories.

Interviewer: Now, it's sometimes said that photographing food is the most difficult job for a professional photographer. Is that really true?

Helena: It can certainly be very difficult to make it look appetising. Food photography is all done in studios, and the biggest problem is the heat produced by the lights. It can take a very long time to get everything exactly right for a shot, and by that time a chef's carefully prepared salad might look limp or a cream cake becomes a mound of wet sponge.

Interviewer: So how do you get round that?

Helena: Well, firstly, the food in photographs used to illustrate cookbooks and magazine articles isn't always entirely authentic. We have a number of techniques to help us out. First, a lot of the items in the photograph can be set up early – glasses, cutlery, flowers, perhaps. And then we put in some material to substitute for the food – something with the same size, shape and colour. Often we just make this quickly in the studio from cardboard or any other material available, and paint it.

Interviewer: Personally, I prefer food not made of cardboard!

Helena: Don't we all! In the meantime, a food stylist prepares the food to be photographed. As soon as I'm satisfied with the setting, lighting, and so on, we take out the artificial food and put in the real thing. But the food starts to dry out very quickly. So I generally have with me a spray bottle containing glycerine mixed with water. Glycerine is a liquid, completely colourless, that's often used to sweeten food. It's great for keeping food looking shiny and moist. Another difficulty is that food is sometimes meant to be hot and steaming, but of course by the time we photograph it, it's completely cold. The only thing to do in that case is to create steam from elsewhere. We use cotton wool balls soaked in water and then put in a microwave. These steam nicely for a couple of minutes, and we position them so that it looks like it's the food steaming. Something else I wouldn't be without is a small blowtorch.

Interviewer: What do you use that for?

Helena: Hundreds of things – quickly melting butter over vegetables, browning toast… A technique that might be used in photographing meat is to take a piece of, say, chicken, use the blowtorch for a while so that it's nicely golden brown, and then spray some glycerine on the outside to make it look moist. It looks great in the photo, but it might be raw on the inside.

Interviewer: Helena, it's been fascinating talking to you. Thank you so much for coming into the studio.

Helena: My pleasure.

1.3 Listen again and fill in the gaps at the end of each sentence with what the speakers actually said.
1 When I was quite young – 10 or 11 – I started using an old camera which belonged to my father.
2 It was easy to find a photographer who wanted to take on an assistant for no pay! wanting
3 She was really the first person who encouraged me to take up food photography. to encourage
4 I was the youngest person in the competition who won any of the major categories. to win
5 The biggest problem is the heat that is produced by the lights. produced
6 Personally, I prefer food that is not made of cardboard! not made
7 I generally have with me a spray bottle which contains glycerine mixed with water. containing
8 We use cotton wool balls that have been soaked in water. soaked
1.4 Look at your answers for 1.3. In which did the speakers use:
1
a present participle (-ing form)? 1, 2 & 7
2
a past participle (-ed form)? 5, 6 & 8
3
a to-infinitive? 3 & 4
Section 2 — Grammar
2.1Participle clauses (-ing and -ed)
Start Point

I started using an old camera belonging to my father.

The food in photographs used to illustrate cookbooks isn't always entirely authentic.

And then we put in some material to substitute for the food.

Use -ing to replace a defining relative clause with an active verb. Use -ed (past participle) to replace a defining relative clause with a passive verb. Use to-infinitive after superlatives and expressions like the first, the only, the next.
A spray bottle containing glycerine mixed with water.
Cotton wool balls soaked in water.
The youngest person in the competition to win any of the major categories.
The heat produced by the lights.

2.2Adjective phrases and prepositional phrases
Adjective phrases follow the noun and are equivalent to a relative clause: a photographer willing to take an assistant (= who was willing). Prepositional phrases give location/description: the vegetables around that succulent piece of meat (= which are around). Stative verbs like contain can be used as -ing: a spray bottle containing glycerine.
It was easy to find a photographer willing to take an assistant for no pay.
The vegetables around that succulent piece of meat could be made from plastic.
We use cardboard or any other material available.
Section 3 — Grammar Exercises
3.1 Complete each pair of sentences using a verb from the box. In (a) use a relative pronoun and a form of the verb; in (b) use a reduced relative -ing or -ed form.
belongcarryinjureplaynot seewant
1
a People tickets for the cup final can expect to pay over 100 euros.
b People tickets for the cup final can expect to pay over 100 euros.
2
a The Internet is bringing about a degree of cultural change for centuries.which/that has not been seen
b The Internet is bringing about a degree of cultural change for centuries.not seen
3
a All the passengers in the train crash have been released from hospital.who/that were injured
b All the passengers in the train crash have been released from hospital.injured
4
a Our teacher, a huge pile of textbooks, came hurrying into the room.who was carrying
b Our teacher, a huge pile of textbooks, came hurrying into the room.carrying
5
a Some jewellery to the Queen has been stolen from Buckingham Palace.which/that belongs
b Some jewellery to the Queen has been stolen from Buckingham Palace.belonging
6
a The woman the piano over there – is she your sister?who is playing
b The woman the piano over there – is she your sister?playing
3.2 Use the information in the brackets to complete these newspaper extracts. Use reduced relative clauses beginning with an -ing or -ed form, being + -ed or to be + -ed. If a reduced relative clause is not possible, use a relative clause + relative pronoun (e.g. which).

1 The government has brought in new legislation (It will affect Britain's 5.4 million dog owners.). From next year all dogs will have to be tagged with tiny electronic chips (They will hold information about the dog's owner.).affecting Britain's 5.4 million dog owners / holding information about the dog's owner

2 The inquiry into the wreck of the oil tanker Panmax, (It sank off the southwest coast in 2014.), has produced its final report. The report, (It is to be published tomorrow.), is thought to show that the captain was mainly responsible for the collision with a smaller vessel.which sank off the southwest coast in 2014 / (to be) published tomorrow

3 Demonstrators (They have been protesting.) against the play Global Strife at the Crest Theatre, claiming it to be 'anti-religious', have succeeded in preventing it being performed. The theatre management, (They were advised by police that security could not be guaranteed.), cancelled last night's performance. On Thursday, a number of demonstrators (They broke through police lines.) caused damage to the theatre and terrified members of the audience.protesting / advised by police that security could not be guaranteed / who broke through police lines

4 Researchers in New Zealand are developing a new drug (It might prevent memory loss in older people.). A group of 20 elderly people (They were suffering from dementia.) were given the drug over a two-year period, and results showed a significant slowing down in memory decline. The drug, (It is derived from a plant. The plant is found only in New Zealand.), will now be tested on a larger group before being made more widely available.which might prevent memory loss / suffering from dementia / derived from a plant found only in New Zealand

3.3 Complete the sentences with phrases from the box. Use a to-infinitive clause, an adjective phrase or a prepositional phrase. Make changes and additions as necessary.
ring today about the carannounce large-scale redundanciesvery similar to Romanianyou should contact the human resources managertake part in the London Marathonthe south side of the citywould be happy to help outorbit the Earth
1
In 1962, John Glenn became the first American .
2
If you want to find out if there are any job vacancies in the company, the person .to contact is the human resources manager
3
It was really expensive living in the centre, so we've just bought a flat .on the south side of the city
4
You won't have to organise the party yourself. I'm sure there'll be a lot of people .happy to help out
5
At 91, Abraham Weintraub is the oldest competitor ever .to take part in the London Marathon
6
The state language of Moldova is Moldovan, a language .very similar to Romanian
7
With fewer cars being sold around the world, Nisda has become the latest car company .to announce large-scale redundancies
8
You're the tenth person . I'm sorry, but it's already been sold.to ring today about the car