Modals (1)

Ability, possibility, conclusions, willingness, habitual events, necessity, deduction, 'not necessary', obligation

Section 1 — Context Listening
News in brief
Look at these newspaper headlines and photos. What do you think the stories are about?
🌉Borland link opened
✈️More air travel chaos looms
🏫School evacuation in South Wales
Sport the answer to obesity crisis
1.1 Listen to a radio news summary and check whether you were right.
🎧 Listen:
1.2 Listen again and fill in the gaps.
Recording 04 — Transcript

Presenter: And now on Radio Nation, it's 8.30 and here's a summary of the latest news. Air passengers could be hit badly today as cabin crews stay at home in the latest in a series of one-day strikes. The major airlines are warning that up to 100,000 people may experience delays. The managing director of Travel Air, David Wade, had this warning to the unions.

David: I'm sure I don't need to spell out the chaos being caused in the airline industry as a result of these strikes, and I would like to apologise to all our customers. However, the cabin staff must accept the new working conditions if the airline is to compete, and the management has no choice but to stand firm on this issue.

Presenter: But he didn't have to wait long for a response. A union spokesperson said: 'I can't believe Mr Wade is being so confrontational. We will not be bullied by management. Eventually, the airlines will have to return to the negotiating table.' Up to 200 teachers and pupils had to be evacuated from Northfield Primary School in South Wales today after a fire broke out in an adjacent building. Although firefighters were able to bring the fire under control fairly quickly, they couldn't prevent the fire damaging the school's sports centre. The headteacher said it might be a number of months before the sports centre is back in operation, although the school itself should be able to reopen early next week. The new Borland Bridge, connecting the island to the mainland, was officially opened today by the Transport Minister. However, it's been in operation for a few weeks already and has received a mixed reception from islanders. From Borland, here's our reporter, Anna Curtis.

Anna: Yes, the new bridge has stirred up a lot of strong emotion on Borland, and I'm here to gather the views of some of the island's residents. Excuse me, what do you think of the new bridge?

Resident 1: I think it will be of great benefit to the island. We used to be terribly isolated here because the ferry service was so bad. It's only a short distance, but the crossing would take over an hour, at least. It could be a very rough journey, too. Many passengers would get seasick during the crossing.

Anna: Excuse me. I'm asking people about the effects of the new bridge. They reckon that tourism on the island is set to expand …

Resident 2: Is that such a good thing? There are already far too many cars and people. We'll also get wealthy people from the mainland who can afford second homes. That will push up house prices and islanders won't be able to buy properties. That can't be right, surely? There ought to be restrictions on the number of people moving here.

Anna: It's certainly true that the bridge is going to have a major impact on the way of life of the people here over the next few years. But whether that will be a positive or negative effect, only time will tell.

Presenter: Following her report on the high levels of obesity among children, the government's chief health adviser, Professor Carmen Brady, has said that schools have to play a more active role in encouraging children to take up sports. She has also criticised parents.

Carmen: Parents needn't be very interested in sport themselves – but they should give their children whatever encouragement they can. While we were gathering information for our report, we found that some parents will actually discourage their children from taking up a sport on the basis that they might get distracted from their academic studies. This negative attitude to sport mustn't be allowed to continue – not if we are to get on top of the obesity crisis facing the country.

Presenter: And finally the weather. Well, if you're in the south of the country, you shouldn't be troubled by any rain today. It will be warm, sunny and dry, with temperatures up to 22 degrees Celsius. However, in the north you're likely to see an occasional shower, with maximum temperatures of around 15 degrees. Radio Nation news …

1 Air passengers badly today.
2 The cabin staff the new working conditions.must accept
3 Up to 200 teachers and pupils evacuated from Northfield Primary School.had to be
4 Firefighters the fire under control fairly quickly.were able to bring
5 I think it of great benefit to the island.will be
6 There restrictions on the number of people moving here.ought to be
7 They their children whatever encouragement they can.should give
8 It warm, sunny and dry, with temperatures up to 22°C.will be
1.3 In which of the extracts do the words you have written refer to:
ability?4
possibility?1
necessity?2 & 3
prediction?5 & 8
obligation?6 & 7

Answers are shown above — check your thinking against them.

Section 2 — Grammar
How the modals work
Start Point

Can / could
We'll get wealthy people from the mainland who can afford second homes. (= general ability)
Before the bridge was built we could only get to the island by ferry. (= general ability in the past)

May / could / might
Up to 100,000 people may experience delays. (= it's possible this will happen)
Air passengers could be hit badly today. (= it's possible)
It might be a number of months before the sports centre is back in operation. (= it's possible this is true; less certain than may or could)

Will / would
That will push up house prices. (= prediction about the future)
If schools highlighted the importance of physical exercise, this would have a major positive impact on children's attitudes to sport. (= prediction about an imaginary situation)

Must
The cabin staff must accept the new working conditions. (= a rule or order)
This negative attitude to sport mustn't be allowed to continue. (= it's not allowed or not a good idea)

Don't need to / needn't / don't have to
Parents don't need to / needn't be very interested in sport themselves. (= it's not necessarily true)
I'm sure I don't have to spell out the chaos being caused in the airline industry. (= it's not necessary)

Ought to / should
Parents ought to / should give their children whatever encouragement they can. (= obligation and recommendation)

2.1Can, could, be able to: ability
Be able to is more formal than can/could, and is the only option in perfect tenses, -ing forms, infinitives and after another modal. Could is for general past ability; was/were able to for one specific past occasion.
The hotels on the island are able to accommodate hundreds of visitors.
Firefighters were able to bring the fire under control fairly quickly.
Islanders won't be able to buy properties.

2.2May, might, can, could: possibility
Use can/may for general possibility and could for past possibility. To ask about possibility, use could or be likely to — not may.
The temperature in the mountains can/may fall below freezing even at this time of year.
It could be a very rough journey, too.
Could the negotiations finish today, do you think?

2.3Will, would, used to: conclusions, willingness, habitual events
Will draws a conclusion or shows (un)willingness now; would shows willingness in hypothetical situations or habitual past behaviour — but never a one-off past choice (use a normal past verb for that), and never a past state.
No doubt you will have heard the news by now.
The computer won't let me print documents.
Many passengers would get seasick during the crossing.

2.4Must, have (got) to: necessity, deduction
Must = the speaker decides it's necessary (or draws a conclusion); have to = the rule comes from outside. In the past, use had to for necessity — never must.
The council has to close two city centre car parks following a health and safety report.
I must give you my email address.
The bridge must have cost a fortune.
Up to 200 teachers and pupils had to be evacuated.
Note: when you conclude something is impossible, use can't/couldn't — never mustn't. And if have is contracted ("I've"), you must keep "got": I've got to go, not I've to go.

2.5Didn't need to, didn't have to, needn't have: 'not necessary'
For something that simply wasn't necessary in the past, use didn't need to / didn't have to. For something you did unnecessarily (with hindsight), use needn't have + past participle.
He didn't have to wait long for a response.
They need not have worried, as every ticket was sold.

2.6Should, ought to: obligation
Should/ought to cover advice, recommendation and likely/expected outcomes. Use shouldn't rather than oughtn't to when something is unlikely.
The authorities ought to / should prosecute companies that cause pollution.
They say the road will be ready in five years, but they should / ought to be able to build it faster.
Section 3 — Grammar Exercises
Practice
3.1 Choose the correct verb.
1
Adult ladybirds be black, red or yellow. (both are correct here)
2
We get to the airport in 20 minutes when the new line is finished next year.
3
I left home because I find a job there.
4
A: I can't find my purse anywhere. B: you have left it in the restaurant?
5
Not so long ago, more than 20 species of fish be found in this river.
6
A: Apparently, there's been an accident in the High Street. B: That explain why the bus is taking so long.
7
A: Lena says she'll definitely pay the money back. B: I wish I trust her.
8
This camera is a bit cheaper than the other one, but it be as good, of course.
3.2 Amir is talking to Martha just before and after a job interview. Choose the correct verb.
Before the interview
1
A: What time you be there by? M: 10.30.
2
A: You be really nervous. M: Terrified! But it doesn't matter, I know I won't get the job.
3
A: You be sure of that. You've got just the right experience and qualifications. M: But I feel tense. I'm worried I make a good impression in the interview. A: I'm sure you'll be okay.
After the interview
1
M: I got it! A: Congratulations! What do?
2
M: Well, mainly I tell them why I wanted to work there. A: And does the job sound good?
3
M: Fantastic. I'll do a lot of travelling. A: Well that be a problem for you. M: No, and I may spend some time in Barcelona. A: Well, I think we should certainly go out for a meal to celebrate. M: Great idea.
3.3 Choose the correct sentence ending. Sometimes both are possible.
1
I have to get up early tomorrow, so I …
2
When we got to the station, we found that the train was half an hour late, so we …
3
The meeting will be quite informal, so you …
4
Fortunately, he wasn't badly hurt in the accident, so he …
5
Gwen has lost a lot of weight during her illness, so you …
6
The tennis courts are open to the public, so you …
7
The house was in good condition when I bought it, so I …
8
As it turned out, the exam was quite easy, so I …
3.4 Match a sentence beginning with one of the endings. You won't need to use all the endings.
Choose an ending for each numbered beginning (1 is done for you).
1 I said I'd pay for her ticket but she → d wouldn't accept my offer. (example)
2 In just a few years from now people
3 I still remember how they
4 Forecasters are warning that heavy snow
5 Here's some really nice cheese that I don't think you
6 We live in an old house that
7 Writing my geography assignment